Mitteilungen WSL, Vol. 66-73/2 (1990-1998)

Abstracts der Reihe «Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft», abgekürzt "Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch."

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Abstracts

Keller, W.; Wohlgemuth, T.; Kuhn, N.; Schütz, M.; Wildi, O., 1998:
Waldgesellschaften der Schweiz auf floristischer Grundlage. Statistisch überarbeitete Fassung der «Waldgesellschaften und Waldstandorte der Schweiz» von Heinz Ellenberg und Frank Klötzli (1972).
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 73, 2: 91-357.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. Ill.

ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-70-7

Classification of Swiss forest vegetation with floristic data

In their classification of Swiss forest vegetation, Ellenberg and Klötzli (1972) defined 71 communities based on floristic, physiognomic and ecological considerations. Since the publication appeared, the classification system served as a reference for ecological and silvicultural studies. We tested the original vegetation data for statistical reliability, and incorporated site information and structure. Our new constancy tables, based on a reanalysis of the original data, differ (in some cases substantially) from the previous tables. The revision of Ellenberg and Klötzli (1972) presented here clarifies the relationships between the previously proposed units. Because our work is based on a well-founded existing classification of Swiss forests (and despite some substantial differences from this classification), it provides a consistent and reliable basis for future scientific studies as well as for practical applications.

Keywords: forest communities, forest sites, phytosociology, site factors, species combinations, species richness, structure

Hofmann, C.; Conedera, M.; Delarze, R.; Carraro, G.; Giorgetti, P., 1998:
Effets des incendies de forêt sur la végétation au Sud des Alpes suisses. Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 73, 1: 1-90.
Résumé, Zusammenfassung, Riassunto, Summary, Ill.
Annexe 7: Tableaux de la végétation sous forme électronique.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-68-5

The Influence of Forest Fires on the Vegetation in Southern Switzerland

This study examines the effects of forest fires on plant communities in southern Switzerland frequently exposed to fire. Phytosociological and forest mensuration surveys were conducted on sites with different exposure to fire. After analysis with several methods, the findings reveal the effects of fire on the physiognomy of the vegetation, independent of site or plant community. Repeated fires seem to cause gradual impoverishment and acidification of the soil. The development of the vegetation after fires probably depends on both the original floristic composition and the survival strategies of the individual species.
A damage index based on visible damage to stems can be applied to the relatively fire-tolerant chestnut stands, but is unsuitable for those mixed deciduous forests in which fire-sensitive species are gradually eradicated.

Keywords: Postfire vegetation, vegetation ecology, fire ecology, southern Switzerland

Schmidhauser, A., 1997:
Die Beeinflussung der schweizerischen Forstpolitik durch private Naturschutzorganisationen.
Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft 72, 3: 245-495.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary, Ill.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-62-6

The influence of non-governmental nature protection organisations on forest politics in Switzerland

Nine nature protection organisations with the right of appeal were taken as an example in a study concerned with the influence of such societies on forest policy in Switzerland between 1967, when the federal law on nature and landscape protection came into force and 1993 when the federal law on forest police was replaced by the federal law on forests. A content analysis of their press publications was made to identify their demands regarding forest and forest management. An analysis of their political demands within the decision-making system shows that most of them have their own ideas and goals concerning forest and timber policy, and at least persue activities according to programme. The consequences for forest policy are discussed.

Keywords: forest, forest economy, forest management, nature protection organisations with right of appeal, political system in Switzerland, forest policy

Schmid-Haas, P.; Baumann, E.; Holdenrieder, O.; Keller, W.; Ramp, B.; Stepien, E., 1997:
Infektionen der Stützwurzeln, Kronenverlichtung und Zuwachs bei Fichten und Tannen.
Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft 72, 2: 129-244.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary, Ill.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-61-8

Infections in main lateral roots, crown transparency and increment in spruce and fir

The crowns, stems and roots of 1032 spruces and 425 firs on permanent sampling plots of local forest inventories and long-term study areas in different parts of Switzerland were examined. The dominant trees were growing in even-aged stands at least 60 years old or in stands under selection management. The main parameters examined were needle loss, increment in diameter and the occurrence of rot, discoloration or wetwood in butts and main lateral roots. Firstly, it was possible to clarify methodological questions on inventorying the condition of main lateral roots. Secondly, epidemiological evaluations revealed among other things that only in the far advanced stages do rot and wet heart in the butt recognisably influence crown condition and increment, but rot and wetwood in the main lateral roots clearly affect both needle loss and increment. In both spruce and fir even a slight thinning of the crown may indicate root damage. The surprisingly clear results show that various questions on forest damage and its primary causes should be re-thought.

Keywords: rot, needle loss, wetwood, root, increment, Picea abies, Abies alba

Schiess, H.; Schiess-Bühler, Corina, 1997:
Dominanzminderung als ökologisches Prinzip: eine Neubewertung der ursprünglichen Waldnutzungen für den Arten- und Biotopschutz am Beispiel der Tagfalterfauna eines Auenwaldes in der Nordschweiz.
Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft 72, 1: 3-127.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary, Ill.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-59-6

Disturbance as an ecological principle: a reevaluation of the importance of traditional forest uses for species and habitat conservation, illustrated by the butterfly fauna of a riparian forest in northern Switzerland

The study begins with a brief introduction to the history of land use in Central Europe. The first main part uses the butterflies of the riparian forest of the River Thur (near Flaach, canton of Zurich) to describe the faunal changes brought about by the transition from traditional forest uses to high forest management. The second part attempts to make generalisations from the findings in the light of the pertinent ecological literature. The traditional uses basically involved a removal of biomass without corresponding compensation, and produced highly structured, varied and ecotonal habitats favoured by light. The ecological consequences of extractive uses and intensive stem timber production are discussed in the light of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Nature conservation should not mix value judgements with ecological theories. The concept of naturalness, the place of Man within the aims of nature conservation, and some basic principles for managing open forest are also discussed.

Keywords: butterflies, (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera), faunal change, riparian forest, land-use change, traditional forest-use, species and habitat conservation, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, perception of nature, northern Switzerland, Central Europe

Känzig-Schoch, U., 1996:
Artenschutz im Wald. Zur Verbreitung, Vergesellschaftung und Ökologie von fünf gefährdeten Pflanzenarten im Berner Mittelland.
Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft 71, 2: 209-349.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary, Ill.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-56-1

Species Protection in Forests. On the Distribution, Phytosociology and Ecology of Five Endangered Species in the Bernese Mittelland

The former and present distribution, phytosociological amplitude, ecology and vulnerability of five endangered species (Campanula persicifolia, Cephalanthera longifolia, Cephalanthera rubra, Cypripedium calceolus, Orchis purpurea) were investigated in the Bernese Mittelland and at the southern foot of the Jura. Possible measures for the protection of the species as a whole and of individual occurrences are discussed.

Keywords: Forest, species protection, Bernese Mittelland, Jura, Campanula persicifolia, Cephalanthera longifolia, Cephalenthera rubra, Cypripedium calceolus, Orchis purpurea

Sansonnens, B., 1996: Agroforesterie indigène en Asie tropicale humide: structure et dynamique. Analyse comparée de deux études de cas
Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft 71, 1: 1-207. Résumé, Zusammenfassung, Riassunto, Summary, Ringkasan, Ill.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-53-7

Indigenous agroforestry in tropical Asia: structure and dynamics. A comparative analysis of two case studies.

Tropical indigenous agroforestry systems have met these recent years with a growing interest among scientists. Two case studies are presented here: one in southern Sri Lanka, a very anthropized area, and one in Central Sumatra (Indonesia), a still largely forested area. The vegetal structure of agro forests is analysed with the architectural method using profile diagrams, together with classical forestry data. The comparison of the results enables to elaborate a dynamical typology of the systems in both situations, exemplified by several characteristic situations. A schematic general description of the development of indigenous agroforestry systems is proposed. The similitudes of this development with natural silvigenesis are enhanced. The origin and evolution of these man-made ecosystems are eventually discussed in relationship with other land use systems. The agroforests of both areas show important similarities in their structure and functions. Furthermore, structural values are close from those measured in natural forests, thus allowing the conservation of a high biodiversity. The structural approach has however to be considered only as one among other ways for analysing such agroforestry systems. Large differences in other aspects urge to pluridisciplinary studies in any conservation or development project.

Keywords: indigenous agroforestry, vegetation structure, agrarian systems, profile diagrams, Sumatra, West Indonesia, Sri Lanka.

Schmid, Jennifer; Bogenrieder, A.; Schweingruber, F.H., 1995:
Verjüngung und Wachstum von Moor-Kiefern (Pinus rotundata Link) und Fichten (Picea abies [L.] H. Karsten) in Mooren des südöstlichen Schwarzwaldes (Süddeutschland)
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 2: 175-223
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 23 Figures, 3 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-51-0

Regeneration and Growth of Bog-Pine (Pinus rotundata Link) and Spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karsten) in bogs of the Southeastern Black Forest (South-Germany)

In this paper different ecological factors which have an influence on the generative regeneration and the growth of Pinus rotundata Link are presented. Laboratory data describe the impact of different ecological factors such as light, different temperatures or stratification of the seeds on germination. Experiments in the field with seeds of Pinus rotundata, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies gave an insight on germination in different types of vegetation. In one of the areas under investigation the development of natural growing tree seedlings and the regeneration of bog-pine and spruce was studied. Drawing on the results of growth analysis studies of bog-pines and spruces in six different bogs we were able to chart the growth pattern of these species in different types of vegetation.

Keywords: bogs, bog pine, Pinus rotundata, spruce, Picea abies, germination, regeneration, growth, Black Forest, South-Germany

Scheidegger, C.; Wolseley, Patricia Anne; Thor, G. (Eds.) 1995:
Conservation Biology of Lichenised Fungi.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70,1: 1-173
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-48-0

Conservation Biology of Lichenised Fungi

The volume includes papers covering different aspects of conservation activities of mainly lichen-forming fungi. Replies to a questionnaire sent to lichenologists provide an overvicw of various threats to lichen-rich habitats in the world and confirm the need for a hroad range of conservation programs. Papers on Red Lists from different parts of the world, their preparation and use, as well as practical approaches to survey and management for lichen diversity are presented. Other studies focus on factors influencing the diversity of lichens in old-growth forests, the distribution of rare species and the maintenance of populations hy non-destructive in situ propagation. One paper summarises the distribution of non-lichenised fungal diversity and factors affecting it.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Conservation Biology, Lichenised Fungi, Red List, Restoration Biology

with the following contributions:

Wolseley, Patricia Anne, 1995:
A Global Perspective on the Status of Lichens and their Conservation
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 11-27

Information from replies to a worldwide questionnaire is used to identify and locate current lichen information, including areas where at present there is little information or interest in lichens. The distribution of lichen-rich environments across the globe, their conservation status in regional, national and international terms and the threats identified by respondents in a range of climatic, environmental and human population conditions are discussed. Lichenological evidence for environmental change at global and regional levels is illustrated by current literature and research projects identified by respondents. These will also be used to illustrate the importance of lichens as monitors of changing conditions in a wide range of ecosystems.

Keywords: lichens, conservation, protected areas, biodiversity

Thor, G., 1995:
Red Lists - Aspects of their Compilation and Use in Lichen Conservation
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 29-39

Lichen-rich habitats all over the world are being continuosly destroyed and many species have become rarer or even extinct, leading to further loss of biological diversity. An invaluable tool for promoting lichen conservation as well as stimulating research are Red Lists. Information from replies to a worldwide questionnaire is summarized and discussed. The need for lichen Red Lists, both regional (e.g. countries or continents) and world-wide, is emphasised. The present number of Red Lists covering different regions is presented. The need for cooperation between lichenologists in different countries for compilation of lists covering continents and a global Red List is encouraged. The criteria for selecting species for Red Lists are discussed and different problems are emphasised.

Keywords: Red Lists, lichens, biological diversity, threatened species, conservation biology

Scheidegger, C.; Frey, B.; Zoller, S., 1995:
Transplantation of Symbiotic Propagules and Thallus Fragments: Methods for the Conservation of Threatened Epiphytic Lichen Populations
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 41-62

Transplantation of vegetative diaspores and adult thalli of various threatened foliose lichens such as Sticta sylvatica, Lobaria pulmonaria, and Parmotrema crinitum was found to be a successful approach for in situ conservation and the successful establishment of additional populations of these species. Immobilization of diaspores on artificial and natural substrates appears to be a major limiting factor in this reproductive process. Only when isidia of P. crinitum were carefully placed between the fibres of surgical gauze was there a substantial degree of immobilization of the diaspores which eventually produced anchoring hyphae from the apices of the isidial cilia to improve their attachment to the substrate. Our experiments with L. pulmonaria show that either adult thalli or vegetative diaspores could be used for re-establishment of endangered lichen populations. However, where possible, the non-destructive method of transplanting natural, vegetative diaspores should take priority. In S. sylvatica the duration of the juvenile development from the transplantation of the isidia until the first development of elongate lobules of up to 0.2 mm was found to be 24 months; this is the longest period so far reported for lichens. In S. sylvatica this very slow rate of growth seems to also continue after the development of stratified thalli and even after 4 years the thalli only measured about 3 mm in length. Analysis of permanent plots with juvenile thalli further demonstrated that slow growth seems to be typical for this life stage, making this species very vulnerable to competition, e.g. from bryophytes.

Keywords: conservation biology; epiphytes; lichenized ascomycetes; low-temperature scanning electron microscopy; permanent plots; transplantation; vegetative diaspores

Lücking, R, 1995:
Biodiversity and Conservation of Foliicolous Lichens in Costa Rica
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 63-92

The high species diversity of foliicolous lichens in Costa Rica is demonstrated at the regional, site, microsite, and sample level. Some 334 species are known from that region. Species diversity is affected by altitude, seasonality, and anthropogenic influence. In contrast, "form" diversity, measured as heterogeneity diversity of morpho-biologically different genera, is more affected by natural gradients, such as altitude and seasonality, than by anthropogenic influence. 213 species are found at a single site type (primary lowland wet forest), 177 at a single site ("Botarrama" trail), 84 at a single microsite type (margin of light gaps, phorophyte species Ocotea atirrensis), 65 at a single microsite (one phorophyte), and 39 (-68) on a single sample (leaf). These figures show that ecological equivalence of species contributes more to biodiversity than environmental heterogeneity and habitat adaptation. The principal mechanisms allowing co-existence of high numbers of ecologically equivalent species are discussed, such as reduction of population size, microhabitat fragmentation, and leaf renewal as an intermediate disturbance. If site biodiversity and uniqueness, together with ecological amplitudes of the species, are taken into consideration, lowland areas are more important for the conservation of foliicolous lichens than montane areas. The presence of the genus Badimia correlates with high foliicolous lichen biodiversity, so that this genus can be used to indicate sites of particular conservation potential with respect to foliicolous lichens and other organisms.

Keywords: Badimia, biodiversity, conservation, Costa Rica, foliicolous lichens, tropics

Goward, T., 1995:
Nephroma occultum and the Maintenance of Lichen Diversity in British Columbia
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 93-101

Based on field studies conducted in British Columbia in 145 forested sites of different ages, the distributional ecology of Nephroma occultum is described. Three macroclimatic "range classes" are recognized for this species: 1) a primary range, in which it is restricted to the upper and middle canopies of oldgrowth forests; 2) a secondary range, in which it colonizes the middle and lower canopies of oldgrowth and seral forests alike; and 3) a tertiary range in which it is confined to the lower canopy of oldgrowth forests. In British Columbia, N. occultum is judged to have its widest ecological amplitude in its secondary range, which may therefore be termed this species' "effective ecological epicentre". Any viable conservation strategy intended to maintain N. occultum throughout its current distribution area must effectively treat this species as a separate ecological entity within each of its range classes. It is concluded that the range class model may prove useful for expressing the distributional ecologies - and hence the conservation requirements - of other oldgrowth-dependent lichens.

Keywords: British Columbia, Canada, lichens, ecology, oldgrowth, conservation, Nephroma occultum

Rosentreter, R., 1995:
Lichen Diversity in Managed Forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 103-124

Forest management practices in the Pacific Northwest have recently come under intense scrutiny and changing attitudes. In an effort to improve management of the plant and animal diversity of these forests, an ecosystem-based plan known as FEMAT (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team) was developed. The plan analyses the effect of nine management options on lichen species by placing the species into functional groups. The preferred option requires that lichen diversity be maintained, and recommends management guidelines to reach this goal. Some of these guidelines include: 1) the retention and buffering of key populations of rare species, 2) the limited use of piling and slash burning after harvesting, 3) no herbicide use, and 4) the retention of trees containing high lichen and moss biomass. Extensive surveys for rare lichen species are needed to locate high priority sites for appropriate management. The retention of mature green trees on ridgelines is recommended to optimise lichen dispersal and fog interception. To moderate climatic conditions, 15% of the trees in each cutting unit will be retained in 0.2 to 1 ha clumps over several harvest rotations. Hardwoods will be encouraged in addition to conifer regeneration.

Keywords: diversity, forestry, lichens, indicator, managed forests, mitigation, rare species

Kuusinen, M., 1995:
Epiphytic Lichen Diversity on Salix caprea and Populus tremula in Old-growth Forests of Finland
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 125-132

The epiphytic lichen flora on basal trunks of old Salix caprea and Populus tremula trees was surveyed in eight old-growth stands in the southern and middle boreal forests of Finland. Both the total species number and average species number per tree were higher on S. caprea than on P. tremula. The epiphyte flora on S. caprea was dominated by widespread generalist foliose lichens, but some rarer specialists were also found. The flora of P. tremula was quite unique, and was dominated by crustose lichens and bryophytes, foliose and fruticose lichens being only sparsely represented. Cyanobacterial lichens, such as Lobaria spp., Nephroma spp. and Peltigera spp., were frequent on both tree species. Structure and acidity of the bark, as well as the availability of different microhabitats, are suggested to be the most important factors contributing to floristic differences and diversity. The bark of S. caprea and P. tremula is one of the key habitats for conservation of epiphyte diversity in the boreal forests of Finland.

Keywords: biodiversity, boreal forests, conservation, lichens, old-growth, Populus tremula, Salix caprea

Renhorn, K.E.; Esseen, P.A., 1995:
Biomass Growth in Five Alectorioid Lichen Epiphytes
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 133-140

Biomass growth in alectorioid lichens was measured during one year by repeated weighing technique. Five pendent lichens were transplanted to a mature Picea abies forest and suspended in netting cages. The change in biomass with time was substantially affected by thallus fragmentation in all species except Usnea filipendula. The highest annual growth rate for unfragmented thalli was found in U. filipendula (16.3%), followed by Alectoria sarmentosa (11.5%), U. longissima (9.2%), Bryoria fuscescens (8.6%) and B. fremontii (6.3%). Maximum growth of individual thalli ranged from 11% in B. fremontii to 40% in Alectoria sarmentosa. The study shows that lichen transplants can be used to measure biomass growth in alectorioid species. The results suggest that some alectorioid lichens possess a considerable growth potential and that the extent of thallus fragmentation strongly influences the pattern of biomass accumulation. The method should have wide application in ecological and biomonitoring studies, for example, to follow the vigour of transplants of threatened lichen species.

Keywords: lichen growth, thallus fragmentation, fruticose lichens, Alectoria, Bryoria, Usnea

Kashiwadani, H.; Kurokawa, S., 1995:
Threatened Lichens in Japan
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 141-146

As in other areas of the world, some lichens are extinct, endangered, vulnerable or rare in Japan. The threatened species for this country were nominated a Red List by KUROKAWA and KASHIWADANI (1993) and include 75 species. In this paper a revised list including 82 threatened species is presented. Those found in high mountains are least threatened while temperate and subtropical species in well populated areas are at risk from factors such as air pollution, urbanization, quarrying, and from forestry practices, especially Cryptomeria plantations.

Keywords: threatened lichens, Japan, Red List

Tschabanenko, S.I., 1995:
Rare and Vulnerable Species of Lichens in the Southern Part of the Russian Far East - Primorye and Sakhalin Regions
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 147-152

29 species of lichens are included in the Russian Federation Red Data Book. They are all protected by law, 15 of them are found in the Primorye territory, 10 on Sakhalin Island and 6 in the Kuril Islands.

Keywords: Russia, Far East, lichens, conservation

Kondratyuk, S.K.; Navrotskaya, Irina L., 1995:
Lichens of Protected Areas in Ukraine
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 153-156

Ukraine includes two major mountain areas, the Carpathians and Crimea, as well as three distinct vegetation zones in the remaining lowland areas; Forest, Forest-Steppe and Steppe. The Country has 12 reserves and 4 national parks. A total of 1239 lichens have been recorded for the country. The Steppe zone is the most favoured area, where 205 species are present in protected areas (representing 87.6% of lichens recorded in this zone). In the reserves and national parks of the Carpathian mountains 715 species (79.4%), and in the Crimean reserves 340 species (59.8%) are found. In the reserves and national parks of the Forest zone 171 species (55%) are found while in the reserves of the Forest-Steppe zone only 179 species (37.6%) are found. The conservation status of 29 species of lichens in the Red Data Book of the USSR and the Red Data Book of Ukraine is discussed. Twenty-three of them are known only from mountainous regions of the state and 10 occur in the plain part of the Ukraine.

Keywords: lichens, national parks, reserves, Ukraine

Lodge, D.J.; Chapela, I.; Samuels, G.; Uecker, F.A.; Desjardin, D.; Horak, E.; Miller Jr., O.K.; Hennebert, G.L.; Decock, C.A.; Ammirati, J.; Burdsall. Jr., H.H.; Kirk, P.M.; Minter, D.W.; Halling, R.; Laessøe, T.; Mueller, G.; Huhndorf, Sabine; Oberwinkler, F.; Pegler, D.N.; Spooner, B.; Petersen, R.H.; Rogers, J.D.; Ryvarden, L.; Watling, R.; Turnbull, Evelyn; Whalley, A.J.S., 1995:
A Survey of Patterns of Diversity in Non-Lichenized Fungi
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70, 1: 157-173

This paper summarizes the opinions of 26 mycologists who have worked in more than one hemisphere or continent regarding the locations, correlates, and potential causes of centers of fungal endemism and diversity in non-lichenized fungi. These views were initially obtained via a survey and then summarized by the lead author. Most authors working on basidiomycetes thought that fungal diversity was more strongly correlated with host and habitat diversity than with resource abundance, whereas most of those working on ascomycetes and Hyphomycetes indicated that all three factors were very important. Overall diversity was highest in the tropics, at intermediate to high rainfall, and at middle to low elevations. Certain fungal groups, however, such as the Cortinariaceae (Agaricales), and some members of the Heterobasidiomycetes are more diverse at middle to high latitudes and elevations. There was no apparent variation in Gasteromycete diversity with latitude. The Neotropics were ranked as having a greater diversity of fungi than Africa by three of the four authors with experience in both. Although this pattern might be related to historical factors or to a higher diversity of host plants in the Neotropics, collections of fungi from Africa and the Asian tropics have been too limited to make confident comparisons between continents. Except for the Gasteromycetes and certain plant parasites, Europe was always ranked lowest in fungal diversity when it was included in comparisons, even though collecting has been most intense there. The types of areas most frequently mentioned as having many species that are unknown elsewhere were humid forests on islands, tropical mountaintops, and large tropical river basins. For example, Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Sulawesi, the Andes, and parts of Africa and South America, especially the Congo and Amazon river basins were thought to have many unique species. These areas encompass many wet to moist centers of endemism for plants. The concordance suggests that despite differences in the mechanisms of dispersal and sexual incompatibility, there may be similar forces governing the isolation and speciation of plants and fungi growing in humid areas. Some plant parasitic Heterobasidiomycetes that are host-restricted occur in all regions and habitats, including dry ones. Species with limited ranges also appear to be common in the Agaricales regardless of the region. Unfortunately, there is currently too little knowledge of fungal mating systems and dispersal barriers with regard to their roles in fungal evolution and distribution. The various gaps, hypotheses, and global patterns of fungal diversity identified in this paper are worthy of pursuit through experiments and comparable surveys.

Keywords: fungi, diversity, endemism, dispersal, reproductive isolation, speciation

Kräuchi, N., 1994:
Modelling Forest Succession as Influenced by a Changing Environment.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 69, 2: 143-271.
Summary, Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto. 45 Figures, 29 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-39-1

Modelling Forest Succession as Influenced by a Changing Environment

FORSUM, a forest succession model of the JABOWA/FORET-type has been developed to explore the relationships between long-term forest succession and biogenic (e.g. browsing) and anthropogenic factors. FORSUM combines long-term (decades to centuries) and short-term (minutes to hours) processes. It calculates soil water movement and root water uptake by the plants by calculating the water flow through a one-dimensional, non-homogeneous soil profile on a daily basis. Different management options are implemented in the model. Model testing included plausibility tests (e.g. modelling efficiency, model performance) and sensitivity analyses of factors intrinsic or extrinsic to species and stands, respectively.

Assuming the validation criterions to be sufficient FORSUM was applied to different forest ecosystems in Switzerland and Germany to evaluate its use as a 'predictive' tool for forest succession dynamics or climate impact risk assessment.

Keywords: climate change, JABOWA/FORET, forest succession, risk assessment, simulation, IPCC

Köhl, M., 1994:
Statistisches Design für das zweite Schweizerische Landesforstinventar: Ein Folgeinventurkonzept unter Verwendung von Luftbildern und terrestrischen Aufnahmen.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 69, 1: 1-141.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 8 Figures, 25 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-38-3

Statistical Design for the Second Swiss National Forest Inventory: Sampling on Successive Occasions Using Aerial Photography and Field Assessments

Advantages and disadvantages of statistical designs for sampling on successive occasions as well as combined sampling designs are discussed, with emphasis on their practicability with regard to the demand for information. This discussion leads to a sampling design for the second Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI), which takes into account the methods of the first NFI and increases cost-efficiency by the combination of sample based assessments of air-photos and forest stands. The estimation procedure is based on a combined ratio-estimator in which the estimators from the 2-phase sampling for stratification design are included. This made it possible to elaborate an inventory procedure which, through the consistent application of ratio estimators allows evaluation of both metrical and categorical data for a 2-phase inventory. The estimation procedures are verified by Jackknife methods; an example is given.

Keywords: Swiss National Forest Inventory, combined inventories, sampling on successive occasions, 2-phase sampling for stratification, sampling with partial replacement (SPR), continuous forest inventory (CFI), Jackknife-estimators, ratio-estimators

Bachofen, H., 1993:
Zur Wirkung verschiedener Pflanzmethoden und Pflegemaßnahmen auf das Wachstum von Fichten- und Lärchenaufforstungen.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 68, 3: 145-216.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 34 Figures, 22 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-28-6

On the Effects of Various Planting and Tending Methods on the Growth of Spruce and Larch Afforestations

Between 1963 and 1966 a study was made on the effects of planting and tending methods on growth and increase in height and diameter. Spruce, European larch and Japanese larch were planted on nine plots in three regions of Switzerland, using either angle planting, dibbling or ball planting. Each plot was subdivided and subjected to seven different tending methods for three to four years. The trials concluded, some plots were kept for yield studies, to determine any influence of tending methods up to the small pole wood stage.

Keywords: Spruce, European larch, Japanese larch, afforestation, tending

Bucher, H.P.; Kucera, L.J.; Walter, M.; Bonsen, K.J.M., 1993:
Elektrische Leitwertprofile im Holzkörper mitteleuropäischer Baumarten, bestimmt mit dem "Vitamat".
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 68, 2: 63-144.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 30 Figures.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-27-8

Electrical Conductivity Profiles in the Wood of Central European Tree Species, Determined with the "Vitamat"

The Vitamat, an apparatus for measuring continuous electrical conductivity values in trees, is introduced in the first part of this work and its potential is looked at critically. The second part contains a systematic presentation of the characteristic profiles of conductivity values of the 24 most common central European tree genera or species with references to variations brought about by seasonal and pathological changes.

Keywords: Electrical conductivity measurement, electrical conductivity profiles, decay, heartwood, sapwood, wetwood

Scott, C.T.; Köhl, M., 1993:
A Method for Comparing Sampling Design Alternatives for Extensive Inventories.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 68, 1: 3-62.
Summary, Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-22-7

A Method for Comparing Sampling Alternatives for Extensive Inventories

The cost efficiency of any large-scale, extensive forest inventory is decisively influenced by the sampling design. Many different sampling techniques have been suggested, e.g. double sampling for stratification and sampling with partial replacement. This study presents models for optimization which can help in selecting the optimum design from a range of alternatives. The selection of the optimum alternative is usually based on cost efficiency. The aim of optimization is either to minimize costs for a specified precision or to minimize the variance given a fixed cost. For each of these optimization rules models increasing transparency and objectivity in selecting a design have been developed.

Keywords: forest inventories, sampling techniques, sampling on successive occasion, inventory planning, cost functions, optimization, cost efficiency

Egli, S., 1992:
Der Anisklumpfuß, Cortinarius odorifer Britz.: Ökologie, Biologie und Ektomykorrhiza.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 67, 3: 315-412.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 23 Figures, 14 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-18-9

Cortinarius odorifer Britz.: Ecology, Biology, and Ectomycorrhizae

42 sites in Switzerland on which the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cortinarius odorifer Britz. occurs were characterized and the range of site conditions evaluated. The major symbiotic partner is Picea abies, though mycorrhizae were also observed on Abies alba and Pinus cembra. On the basis of the age of the host trees examined and the negative results of synthesis trials with seedlings, C. odorifer is to be classed as a late-stage fungus. The morphological and anatomical features of mycorrhizae of C. odorifer seem independent of site conditions, though pure cultures vary greatly in growth and reactions to temperature and pH. All 6 strains isolated exuded the sesquiterpene (+/-)-Torreyol.

Keywords: Cortinarius odorifer, ectomycorrhiza, fungal ecology, Torreyol

Bégin, J., 1992:
Productivité du Douglas vert (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var. menziesii Franco) en relation avec des caractéristiques stationnelles.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 67, 2: 173-313.
Résumé, Zusammenfassung, Riassunto, Summary. 59 Figures, 37 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-15-4

Yield performance of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var. menziesii Franco) in relation to site characteristics

Douglas-fir yield tables were calculated using stem analysis and 50 permanent and temporary sampling plots situated in Switzerland. Total production was determined by integrating an equation used to describe current volume increment per metre height, as a function of dominant height and current increment level. Estimated productivity at 50 years varied between 12 and 26 m³/ha/year. The analyses tended to invalidate the extended Eichhorn law applied to Douglas-fir. The vegetation type variable best explained the variation in site index (R² = 0,495). Other variables related to nutrient and moisture availability contributed to a lesser degree to the prediction of site index. The greatest height growth occurred on non-calcreous, fine textured soils of low gravel content, at elevations of 600 to 700 m, with N., N.-E. or E. exposures.

Keywords: Site index, yield tables, yield levels, current increment level, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii Franco, site characteristics, vegetation type

Sommerhalder, R., 1992:
Natürliche Wälder der Waldföhre (Pinus silvestris) in der Schweiz - eine pflanzensoziologische Analyse mit Hilfe eines vegetationskundlichen Informationssystems.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 67, 1: 3-172.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 40 Figures, 10 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-13-8

Natural Forests of Scots Pine (Pinus silvestris) in Switzerland - a Phytosociological Analysis with the Aid of a Vegetation Information System

This study classifies Scots pine forests in Switzerland on the basis of all vegetational relevés recorded in the vegetation data-bank of the WSL. In connection with a more refined revision of forests and forest sites in Switzerland an information system was developed to allow the efficient analysis of the extensive data using the relationships defined in the databank. The system mainly comprises the vegetation data-bank and a method bank. It allows the classification of the pine forests into the associations Molinio-Pinion prov. Ellenb. et Klötzli 1972, Globulario-Pinion prov. Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 em. Sommerh. 1988, Saponario-Pinion prov. Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 em. Sommerh. 1988, and Dicrano-Pinion Matuszk. 1962 em. Oberd. 1979.

Keywords: site, vegetation studies, vegetation data-bank, forest societies, Pinus silvestris

Buffi, R., 1990/91:
La crescita giovanile del larice europeo e del larice del Giappone al Sud delle Alpi, negli orizzonti submontano e montano.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 66, 2: 155-329.
Riassunto, Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Summary. 56 Figures, 56 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-12-X

Juvenile Growth of European and Japanese Larch in the Montane and Submontane Zones of the Southern Slopes of the Alps

European and Japanese larch were tested in provenance trials in Copera (canton of Ticino) for their suitability to the chestnut zone of the southern slopes of the Alps, partly within the framework of the international programmes of 1958 and 1958/59. Of the European provenances, those from the north-eastern margin of their distribution area proved most suitable, of the Japanese, those from the Yatsuga Mts. The relationship between site conditions and growth in both species was closely studied in 26 stands on the southern slopes of the Alps. In this oceanically influenced climate, the abundant rainfall combines advantageously with the warmth conditions and vegetation period pertaining at this elevation. Hollows and slopes proved the most favourable sites because of their greater water and nutrient supply. On the sites investigated, Japanese larch proved superior in juvenile growth.

Keywords: Larix, provenance trials, site, silviculture, low forest conversion

Bürgi, A., 1990/91:
Wahl geeigneter Provenienzen und Standorte für den Anbau der Lärche außerhalb ihres natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes in der Schweiz.
Mitt. Eidgenöss. Forsch.anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 66, 1: 150-320.
Zusammenfassung, Résumé, Riassunto, Summary. 20 Figures, 50 Tables.
ISSN 1016-3158
ISBN 3-905620-07-3

On the Selection of Suitable Provenances and Sites for the Cultivation of Larch in Switzerland Outside the Natural Distribution Range

Results of the Swiss sample plots of the First International Larch Provenance Trials of 1944 and of seven other sample plots, established in 1955/56 by the Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research (EAFV), were used to assess the suitability of various larch provenances outside their natural distribution range. In addition, growth performance and methods of treatment were evaluated. The analysis showed that larch provenances from the Tatra and Sudetic Mountains and from the Eastern European Alps seemed to suit Swiss Plateau conditions best. Great importance should be given to site selection. Areas with fog and rather wet soils should be avoided north of the Alps because of the high risk of larch canker involved. The quality of larch would also be impaired considerably on such sites. Finally, the results of the study were analyzed from a silvicultural point of view.

Keywords: provenance trials, larix, site factors, silviculture, artificial regeneration