Adaptation et évolution
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Comment les animaux, les plantes et les champignons réagissent-ils aux conditions environnementales en mutation? S’adaptent-ils, se déplacent-ils ou disparaissent-ils? Nous étudions à l’aide de méthodes génétiques, d’expériences et de modélisations la façon dont les espèces font face au changement climatique et dont la biodiversité change.
Les conditions environnementales changent plus rapidement que jamais pour les animaux, les plantes et les champignons en raison des changements climatiques, d’une part, mais aussi des modifications de l'utilisation du sol, d’autre part. Soit les espèces parviennent à s’adapter à ces changements, soit elles se déplacent pour trouver de meilleures conditions, soit elles disparaissent localement. L’adaptation a lieu par une modification des caractéristiques des espèces, par exemple leur tolérance vis-à-vis de la sécheresse et des températures élevées, ou de leur comportement.
Par exemple, comment l’arole peut-il migrer vers des endroits qui seront plus adaptés pour lui à l’avenir que ceux qu’il occupe aujourd’hui? Les semences d’arbres de quelles origines réagissent mieux dans un climat plus chaud? Pour répondre à de telles questions, nous recourons à des analyses génétiques ou à des expériences de transplantation et de sélection. Nous pouvons ainsi expliquer les déplacements géographiques des espèces et la rapidité à laquelle les espèces s'adaptent aux conditions environnementales en mutation.
Comment expliquer les schémas de biodiversité?
Sur le long terme, les modifications environnementales influencent l’évolution non seulement au niveau des espèces, mais aussi entre elles. Nous étudions ces schémas de biodiversité à l’aide d’échantillons de données à l'échelle locale ou globale, par exemple sur la propagation d’espèces d’oiseaux et d’arbres sous l’influence du changement climatique, et analysons les processus d’évolution correspondants.
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Publications
Rellstab, C.; Zoller, S.; Sailer, C.; Tedder, A.; Gugerli, F.; Shimizu, K.K.; Holderegger, R.; Widmer, A.; Fischer, M.C., 2020: Genomic signatures of convergent adaptation to Alpine environments in three Brassicaceae species. Molecular Ecology, 29, 22: 4350-4365. doi: 10.1111/mec.15648
Ringelberg, J.J.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Weeks, A.; Lavin, M.; Hughes, C.E., 2020: Biomes as evolutionary arenas: convergence and conservatism in the trans-continental succulent biome. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29, 7: 1100-1113. doi: 10.1111/geb.13089
Karger, D.N.; Wüest, R.O.; König, C.; Cabral, J.S.; Weigelt, P.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, H.P., 2020: Disentangling the drivers of local species richness using probabilistic species pools. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 4: 879-889. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13763
Thuiller, W.; Gravel, D.; Ficetola, G.F.; Lavergne, S.; Münkemüller, T.; Pollock, L.J.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Mazel, F., 2020: Productivity begets less phylogenetic diversity but higher uniqueness than expected. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1: 44-58. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13630
Granda, E.; Baumgarten, F.; Gessler, A.; Gil-Pelegrin, E.; Peguero-Pina, J.J.; Sancho-Knapik, D.; Zimmerman, N.E.; Resco de Dios, V., 2020: Day length regulates seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance in Quercus species. Plant, Cell and Environment, 43, 1: 28-39. doi: 10.1111/pce.13665
Brun, P.; Thuiller, W.; Chauvier, Y.; Pellissier, L.; Wüest, R.O.; Wang, Z.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2020: Model complexity affects species distribution projections under climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1: 130-142. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13734
Wüest, R.O.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Zurell, D.; Alexander, J.M.; Fritz, S.A.; Hof, C.; Kreft, H.; Normand, S.; Cabral, J.S.; Szekely, E.; Thuiller, W.; Wikelski, M.; Karger, D.N., 2020: Macroecology in the age of Big Data - where to go from here?. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1: 1-12. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13633
Salazar-Tortosa, D.; Castro, J.; Saladin, B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Rubio De Casas, R., 2020: Arid environments select for larger seeds in pines (Pinus spp.). Evolutionary Ecology, 34: 11-26. doi: 10.1007/s10682-019-10016-1
Zurell, D.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Gross, H.; Baltensweiler, A.; Sattler, T.; Wüest, R.O., 2020: Testing species assemblage predictions from stacked and joint species distribution models. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1: 101-113. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13608
Scherrer, D.; Mod, H.K.; Pottier, J.; Litsios-Dubuis, A.; Pellissier, L.; Vittoz, P.; Götzenberger, L.; Zobel, M.; Guisan, A., 2019: Disentangling the processes driving plant assemblages in mountain grasslands across spatial scales and environmental gradients. Journal of Ecology, 107, 1: 265-278. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.13037
Taleshi, H.; Jalali, S.G.; Alavi, S.J.; Hosseini, S.M.; Naimi, B.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2019: Climate change impacts on the distribution and diversity of major tree species in the temperate forests of Northern Iran. Regional Environmental Change, 19, 8: 2711-2728. doi: 10.1007/s10113-019-01578-5
Brun, P.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Graham, C.H.; Lavergne, S.; Pellissier, L.; Münkemüller, T.; Thuiller, W., 2019: The productivity-biodiversity relationship varies across diversity dimensions. Nature Communications, 10: 5691 (11 pp.). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13678-1
Robert, C.A.M.; Pellissier, L.; Moreira, X.; Defossez, E.; Pfander, M.; Guyer, A.; Van Dam, N.M.; Rasmann, S., 2019: Correlated induction of phytohormones and glucosinolates shapes insect herbivore resistance of cardamine species along elevational gradients. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 45, 7: 638-648. doi: 10.1007/s10886-019-01084-2
Salazar-Tortosa, D.; Saladin, B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Castro, J.; Rubio de Casas, R., 2019: The evolution of seed dispersal is associated with environmental heterogeneity in Pinus. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 41: 125464 (11 pp.). doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2019.125464
Rumpf, S.B.; Hülber, K.; Wessely, J.; Willner, W.; Moser, D.; Gattringer, A.; Klonner, G.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Dullinger, S., 2019: Extinction debts and colonization credits of non-forest plants in the European Alps. Nature Communications, 10: 4293 (9 pp.). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12343-x
Righetti, D.; Vogt, M.; Gruber, N.; Psomas, A.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2019: Global pattern of phytoplankton diversity driven by temperature and environmental variability. Science Advances, 5, 5: eaau6253 (10 pp.). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6253
Norberg, A.; Abrego, N.; Blanchet, F.G.; Adler, F.R.; Anderson, B.J.; Anttila, J.; Araújo, M.B.; Dallas, T.; Dunson, D.; Elith, J.; Foster, S.D.; Fox, R.; Franklin, J.; Godsoe, W.; Guisan, A.; O'Hara, B.; Hill, N.A.; Holt, R.D.; Hui, F.K.C.; ... Ovaskainen, O., 2019: A comprehensive evaluation of predictive performance of 33 species distribution models at species and community levels. Ecological Monographs, 89, 3: e01370 (24 pp.). doi: 10.1002/ecm.1370
Ottmer, B.; Semadeni, S.; Zimmermann, N., 2019: Act before it is too late. WSL magazine Diagonal, 2019, 1: 16-19.
Ottmer, B.; Semadeni, S.; Zimmermann, N., 2019: Agir avant qu’il ne soit trop tard. Magazine du WSL Diagonale, 2019, 1: 16-19.
Ottmer, B.; Semadeni, S.; Zimmermann, N., 2019: Handeln, bevor es zu spät ist. WSL-Magazin Diagonal, 2019, 1: 16-19.
Ahmadi, M.; Hemami, M.; Kaboli, M.; Malekian, M.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2019: Extinction risks of a Mediterranean neo-endemism complex of mountain vipers triggered by climate change. Scientific Reports, 9, 1: 6332 (12 pp.). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42792-9
Thuiller, W.; Guéguen, M.; Renaud, J.; Karger, D.N.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2019: Uncertainty in ensembles of global biodiversity scenarios. Nature Communications, 10, 1: 1446 (9 pp.). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09519-w
Karger, D.N.; Kessler, M.; Conrad, O.; Weigelt, P.; Kreft, H.; König, C.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2019: Why tree lines are lower on islands—climatic and biogeographic effects hold the answer. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28, 6: 839-850. doi: 10.1111/geb.12897
Araújo, M.B.; Anderson, R.P.; Barbosa, A.M.; Beale, C.M.; Dormann, C.F.; Early, R.; Garcia, R.A.; Guisan, A.; Maiorano, L.; Naimi, B.; O’Hara, R.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Rahbek, C., 2019: Standards for distribution models in biodiversity assessments. Science Advances, 5, 1: eaat4858 (10 pp.). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4858
Rumpf, S.B.; Hülber, K.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Dullinger, S., 2019: Elevational rear edges shifted at least as much as leading edges over the last century. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28: 533-543. doi: 10.1111/geb.12865
Pontarp, M.; Bunnefeld, L.; Cabral, J.S.; Etienne, R.S.; Fritz, S.A.; Gillespie, R.; Graham, C.H.; Hagen, O.; Hartig, F.; Huang, S.; Jansson, R.; Maliet, O.; Münkemüller, T.; Pellissier, L.; Rangel, T.F.; Storch, D.; Wiegand, T.; Hurlbert, A.H., 2019: The latitudinal diversity gradient: novel understanding through mechanistic eco-evolutionary models. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 34, 3: 211-223. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.009
Saladin, B.; Thuiller, W.; Graham, C.H.; Lavergne, S.; Maiorano, L.; Salamin, N.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2019: Environment and evolutionary history shape phylogenetic turnover in European tetrapods. Nature Communications, 10, 1: 249 (9 pp.). doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08232-4
Kambach, S.; Lenoir, J.; Decocq, G.; Welk, E.; Seidler, G.; Dullinger, S.; Gégout, J.; Guisan, A.; Pauli, H.; Svenning, J.; Vittoz, P.; Wohlgemuth, T.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Bruelheide, H., 2019: Of niches and distributions: range size increases with niche breadth both globally and regionally but regional estimates poorly relate to global estimates. Ecography, 42, 3: 467-477. doi: 10.1111/ecog.03495
Chalmandrier, L.; Albouy, C.; Descombes, P.; Sandel, B.; Faurby, S.; Svenning, J.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Pellissier, L., 2018: Comparing spatial diversification and meta-population models in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Royal Society Open Science, 5, 3: 171366 (14 pp.). doi: 10.1098/rsos.171366
Yannic, G.; Ortego, J.; Pellissier, L.; Lecomte, N.; Bernatchez, L.; Côté, S.D., 2018: Linking genetic and ecological differentiation in an ungulate with a circumpolar distribution. Ecography, 41, 6: 922-937. doi: 10.1111/ecog.02995
Stewart, L.; Simonsen, C.E.; Svenning, J.; Schmidt, N.M.; Pellissier, L., 2018: Forecasted homogenization of high Arctic vegetation communities under climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 11: 2576-2587. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13434
Caspersen, J.P.; Thürig, E.; Rigling, A.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2018: Complementarity of gymnosperms and angiosperms along an altitudinal temperature gradient. Oikos, 127, 12: 1787-1799. doi: 10.1111/oik.05360
Halbritter, A.H.; Fior, S.; Keller, I.; Billeter, R.; Edwards, P.J.; Holderegger, R.; Karrenberg, S.; Pluess, A.R.; Widmer, A.; Alexander, J.M., 2018: Trait differentiation and adaptation of plants along elevation gradients. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 31, 6: 784-800. doi: 10.1111/jeb.13262
Smyčka, J.; Roquet, C.; Renaud, J.; Thuiller, W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Lavergne, S., 2018: Reprint of: disentangling drivers of plant endemism and diversification in the European Alps – a phylogenetic and spatially explicit approach. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 30: 31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2017.08.003
Csilléry, K.; Rodríguez-Verdugo, A.; Rellstab, C.; Guillaume, F., 2018: Detecting the genomic signal of polygenic adaptation and the role of epistasis in evolution. Molecular Ecology, 27, 3: 606-612. doi: 10.1111/mec.14499
Xu, Z.; Li, M.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Li, S.; Li, H.; Ren, H.; Sun, H.; Han, X.; Jiang, Y.; Jiang, L., 2018: Plant functional diversity modulates global environmental change effects on grassland productivity. Journal of Ecology, 106, 5: 1941-1951. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12951
Rogivue, A.; Graf, R.; Parisod, C.; Holderegger, R.; Gugerli, F., 2018: The phylogeographic structure of Arabis alpina in the Alps shows consistent patterns across different types of molecular markers and geographic scales. Alpine Botany, 128, 1: 35-45. doi: 10.1007/s00035-017-0196-8
Alexander, J.M.; Chalmandrier, L.; Lenoir, J.; Burgess, T.I.; Essl, F.; Haider, S.; Kueffer, C.; McDougall, K.; Milbau, A.; Nuñez, M.A.; Pauchard, A.; Rabitsch, W.; Rew, L.J.; Sanders, N.J.; Pellissier, L., 2018: Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change. Global Change Biology, 24, 2: 563-579. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13976
Rellstab, C.; Fischer, M.C.; Zoller, S.; Graf, R.; Tedder, A.; Shimizu, K.K.; Widmer, A.; Holderegger, R.; Gugerli, F., 2017: Local adaptation (mostly) remains local: reassessing environmental associations of climate-related candidate SNPs in Arabidopsis halleri. Heredity, 118, 2: 193-201. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2016.82
Pellissier, L.; Kostikova, A.; Litsios, G.; Salamin, N.; Alvarez, N., 2017: High rate of protein coding sequence evolution and species diversification in the lycaenids. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5: 90 (7 pp.). doi: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00090
Rellstab, C.; Fischer, M.C.; Csencsics, D.; Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R., 2017: Bedeutung der lokalen Anpassung in der Naturschutzgenetik. In: Csencsics, D.; Gugerli, F. (eds), 2017: Naturschutzgenetik. Forum für Wissen 2017, WSL Birmensdorf. 31-37.
Saladin, B.; Leslie, A.B.; Wüest, R.O.; Litsios, G.; Conti, E.; Salamin, N.; Zimmermann, N.E., 2017: Fossils matter: improved estimates of divergence times in Pinus reveal older diversification. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17, 1: 95 (15 pp.). doi: 10.1186/s12862-017-0941-z
Pitteloud, C.; Arrigo, N.; Suchan, T.; Mastretta-Yanes, A.; Vila, R.; Dincă, V.; Hernández-Roldán, J.; Brockmann, E.; Chittaro, Y.; Kleckova, I.; Fumagalli, L.; Buerki, S.; Pellissier, L.; Alvarez, N., 2017: Climatic niche evolution is faster in sympatric than allopatric lineages of the butterfly genus Pyrgus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284, 1852: 20170208 (10 pp.). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0208
Frank, A.; Pluess, A.R.; Howe, G.T.; Sperisen, C.; Heiri, C., 2017: Quantitative genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of European beech in a heterogeneous landscape: indications for past climate adaptation. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 26: 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2017.02.001
Ottimofiore, E.; Albouy, C.; Leprieur, F.; Descombes, P.; Kulbicki, M.; Mouillot, D.; Parravicini, V.; Pellissier, L., 2017: Responses of coral reef fishes to past climate changes are related to life-history traits. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 6: 1996-2005. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2800
Mairal, M.; Sanmartín, I.; Pellissier, L., 2017: Lineage-specific climatic niche drives the tempo of vicariance in the Rand Flora. Journal of Biogeography, 44, 4: 911-923. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12930
Di Cola, V.; Broennimann, O.; Petitpierre, B.; Breiner, F.T.; D'Amen, M.; Randin, C.; Engler, R.; Pottier, J.; Pio, D.; Dubuis, A.; Pellissier, L.; Mateo, R.G.; Hordijk, W.; Salamin, N.; Guisan, A., 2017: ecospat: an R package to support spatial analyses and modeling of species niches and distributions. Ecography, 40, 6: 774-787. doi: 10.1111/ecog.02671
Rellstab, C.; Zoller, S.; Walthert, L.; Lesur, I.; Pluess, A.R.; Graf, R.; Bodénès, C.; Sperisen, C.; Kremer, A.; Gugerli, F., 2016: Signatures of local adaptation in candidate genes of oaks (Quercus spp.) with respect to present and future climatic conditions. Molecular Ecology, 25, 23: 5907-5924. doi: 10.1111/mec.13889
Holderegger, R., 2016: Vielfältige Anwendungen genetischer Methoden im Wald. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 167, 6: 308-315. doi: 10.3188/szf.2016.0308
Rellstab, C.; Pluess, A.R.; Gugerli, F., 2016: Lokale Anpassung bei Waldbaumarten: genetische Prozesse und Bedeutung im Klimawandel. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 167, 6: 333-340. doi: 10.3188/szf.2016.0333
Rellstab, C.; Bühler, A.; Graf, R.; Folly, C.; Gugerli, F., 2016: Using joint multivariate analyses of leaf morphology and molecular-genetic markers for taxon identification in three hybridizing European white oak species (Quercus spp.). Annals of Forest Science, 73, 3: 669-679. doi: 10.1007/s13595-016-0552-7
Mosca, E.; Gugerli, F.; Eckert, A.J.; Neale, D.B., 2016: Signatures of natural selection on Pinus cembra and P. mugo along elevational gradients in the Alps. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 12, 1: 9 (15 pp.). doi: 10.1007/s11295-015-0964-9
Zimmermann, N.E.; Schmatz, D.R.; Gallien, L.; Körner, C.; Huber, B.; Frehner, M.; Küchler, M.; Psomas, A., 2016: Baumartenverbreitung und Standorteignung. In: Pluess, A.R.; Augustin, S.; Brang, P.; Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU,Bern; Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald,Schnee und Landschaft WSL,Birmensdorf (eds), 2016: Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien. Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, Haupt. 199-221.
Zimmermann, N.E.; Schmatz, D.R.; Gallien, L.; Körner, C.; Huber, B.; Frehner, M.; Küchler, M.; Psomas, A., 2016: Répartition des essences forestières et adéquation des stations. In: Pluess, A.R.; Augustin, S.; Brang, P.; Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV,Berne; Institut fédéral de recherches sur la forêt (eds), 2016: Forêts et changements climatiques. Éléments pour des stratégies d'adaptation. Berne, Stuttgart, Vienne, Haupt. 205-227.
Gugerli, F.; Frank, A.; Rellstab, C.; Pluess, A.R.; Moser, B.; Arend, M.; Sperisen, C.; Wohlgemuth, T.; Heiri, C., 2016: Variation génétique et adaptation locale des essences forestières sous le signe des changements climatiques. In: Pluess, A.R.; Augustin, S.; Brang, P.; Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV,Berne; Institut fédéral de recherches sur la forêt, l.n.e.l.p.W.; Birmensdorf (eds), 2016: Forêts et changements climatiques. Éléments pour des stratégies d'adaptation. Berne, Stuttgart, Vienne, Haupt. 97-117.
Gugerli, F.; Frank, A.; Rellstab, C.; Pluess, A.R.; Moser, B.; Arend, M.; Sperisen, C.; Wohlgemuth, T.; Heiri, C., 2016: Genetische Variation und lokale Anpassung bei Waldbaumarten im Zeichen des Klimawandels. In: Pluess, A.R.; Augustin, S.; Brang, P.; Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU,Bern; Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald,Schnee und Landschaft WSL,Birmensdorf (eds), 2016: Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien. Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, Haupt. 93-113.
Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R., 2016: Genetische Methoden. In: Holderegger, R.; Segelbacher, G. (eds), 2016: Naturschutzgenetik: Ein Handbuch für die Praxis. Bern, Haupt. 183-202.
Holderegger, R.; Segelbacher, G., 2016: Überblick. In: Holderegger, R.; Segelbacher, G. (eds), 2016: Naturschutzgenetik: Ein Handbuch für die Praxis. Bern, Haupt. 203-213.
Holderegger, R.; Segelbacher, G.; Widmer, A., 2016: Genetisches Monitoring. In: Holderegger, R.; Segelbacher, G. (eds), 2016: Naturschutzgenetik: Ein Handbuch für die Praxis. Bern, Haupt. 165-182.
Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Bolliger, M., 2015: Risorse genetiche. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; L’Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV; Institut fédéral de recherches sur la forêt,la neige et le paysage WSL (eds), 2015: Rapporto forestale 2015. Stato e utilizzazione del bosco svizzero. Berna, Birmensdorf, Ufficio federale dell’ambiente (UFAM), Istituto federale di ricerca per la foresta, la neve e il paesaggio (WSL). 82-83.
Holderegger, R.; Imesch, N., 2015: Biodiversità. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; Ufficio federale dell'ambiente; Istituto federale di ricerca WSL (eds), 2015: Rapporto forestale 2015. Stato e utilizzazione del bosco svizzero. Berna, Birmensdorf, Ufficio federale dell’ambiente (UFAM), Istituto federale di ricerca per la foresta, la neve e il paesaggio (WSL). 69-89.
Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Bolliger, M., 2015: Ressources génétiques. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; L’Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV; Institut fédéral de recherches sur la forêt,la neige et le paysage WSL (eds), 2015: Rapport forestier 2015. État et utilisation de la forêt suisse. Berne, Office fédéral de l’environnement. 82-83.
Holderegger, R.; Imesch, N., 2015: Biodiversité. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; L’Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV; Istitut fédéral de recherches sur la forêt,la neige et le paysage WSL (eds), 2015: Rapport forestier 2015. État et utilisation de la forêt suisse. Berne, Office fédéral de l'environnement. 69-89.
Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Bolliger, M., 2015: Genetic resources. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; Federal Office for the Environment; Swiss Federal Institute WSL (eds), 2015: Forest Report 2015. Condition and Use of Swiss Forests. Bern, Birmensdorf, Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL). 82-83.
Holderegger, R.; Imesch, N., 2015: Biodiversity. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; Federal Office for the Environment; Swiss Federal Institute WSL (eds), 2015: Forest Report 2015. Condition and Use of Swiss Forests. Bern, Birmensdorf, Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL). 69-89.
Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Bolliger, M., 2015: Genetische Ressourcen. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU; Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald,Schnee und Landschaft WSL (eds), 2015: Waldbericht 2015. Zustand und Nutzung des Schweizer Waldes. Bern, Birmensdorf, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft (WSL). 82-83.
Holderegger, R.; Imesch, N., 2015: Biodiversität. In: Rigling, A.; Schaffer, H.P.; Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU; Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald,Schnee und Landschaft WSL (eds), 2015: Waldbericht 2015. Zustand und Nutzung des Schweizer Waldes. Bern, Birmensdorf, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft (WSL). 69-89.
Rellstab, C.; Gugerli, F.; Eckert, A.J.; Hancock, A.M.; Holderegger, R., 2015: A practical guide to environmental association analysis in landscape genomics. Molecular Ecology, 24, 17: 4348-4370. doi: 10.1111/mec.13322
Tschopp, T.; Holderegger, R.; Bollmann, K., 2015: Auswirkungen der Douglasie auf die Waldbiodiversität. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 166, 1: 9-15. doi: 10.3188/szf.2015.0009
Stockenhuber, R.; Zoller, S.; Shimizu-Inatsugi, R.; Gugerli, F.; Shimizu, K.K.; Widmer, A.; Fischer, M.C., 2015: Efficient detection of novel nuclear markers for Brassicaceae by transcriptome sequencing. PLoS One, 10, 6: e0128181 (19 pp.). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128181
Les changements climatiques modifieront la forêt en Suisse. Dans ce contexte, les espèces indigènes de chênes joueront probablement un plus grand rôle qu’aujourd’hui. Le potentiel d’adaptation élevé de ces essences ouvre d’intéressantes options sylvicoles et au niveau de l’entreprise forestière.
Notice pour le praticien 55
2015
Télécharger
Der Klimawandel wird den Wald in der Schweiz verändern. Die einheimischen Eichenarten spielen dabei zukünftig wahrscheinlich eine grössere Rolle als heute. Das grosse Anpassungspotenzial dieser Baumarten eröffnet interessante waldbauliche und betriebliche Handlungsoptionen.
Merkblatt für die Praxis 55
2015
Keller, I.; Alexander, J.M.; Edwards, P.J.; Holderegger, R., 2014: Lokale Anpassungen an verschiedene Höhenlagen. Natur und Landschaft, 89, 4: 145-150. doi: 10.17433/4.2014.50153265.145-150
Aavik, T.; Bosshard, D.; Edwards, P.; Holderegger, R.; Billeter, R., 2014: Genetische Vielfalt in Wildpflanzen-Samenmischungen. Agrarforschung Schweiz, 5, 1: 20-27.
Normand, S.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Schurr, F.M.; Lischke, H., 2014: Demography as the basis for understanding and predicting range dynamics. Ecography, 37, 12: 1149-1154. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01490
Manel, S.; Holderegger, R., 2014: Reply to Kershaw and Rosenbaum. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 29, 2: 70-71. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.009
Aavik, T.; Bosshard, D.; Edwards, P.J.; Holderegger, R.; Billeter, R., 2014: Fitness in naturally occurring and restored populations of a grassland plant lychnis flos-cuculiy in a Swiss agricultural landscape. Restoration Ecology, 22, 1: 98-106. doi: 10.1111/rec.12020
Buehler, D.; Holderegger, R.; Brodbeck, S.; Schnyder, E.; Gugerli, F., 2014: Validation of outlier loci through replication in independent data sets: a test on Arabis alpina. Ecology and Evolution, 4, 22: 4296-4306. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1300
Gerber, S.; Chadœuf, J.; Gugerli, F.; Lascoux, M.; Buiteveld, J.; Cottrell, J.; Dounavi, A.; Fineschi, S.; Forrest, L.L.; Fogelqvist, J.; Goicoechea, P.G.; Svejgaard Jensen, J.; Salvini, D.; Vendramin, G.G.; Kremer, A., 2014: High rates of gene flow by pollen and seed in oak populations across Europe. PLoS One, 9, 1: e85130 (16 pp.). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085130
Gugerli, F.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Holderegger, R., 2013: Genetische Vielfalt. Die Alpen als Barriere und Schmelztiegel. Hotspot, 12-13.
Keller, I.; Alexander, J.M.; Holderegger, R.; Edwards, P.J., 2013: Widespread phenotypic and genetic divergence along altitudinal gradients in animals. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26, 12: 2527-2543. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12255
Winkler, M.; Tribsch, A.; Schneeweiss, G.M.; Brodbeck, S.; Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Schönswetter, P., 2013: Strong nuclear differentiation contrasts with widespread sharing of plastid DNA haplotypes across taxa in European purple saxifrages (Saxifraga section Porphyrion subsection Oppositifoliae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 173, 4: 622-636. doi: 10.1111/boj.12104
Fischer, M.C.; Rellstab, C.; Tedder, A.; Zoller, S.; Gugerli, F.; Shimizu, K.K.; Holderegger, R.; Widmer, A., 2013: Population genomic footprints of selection and associations with climate in natural populations of Arabidopsis halleri from the Alps. Molecular Ecology, 22, 22: 5594-5607. doi: 10.1111/mec.12521
Normand, S.; Randin, C.; Ohlemüller, R.; Bay, C.; Høye, T.T.; Kjær, E.D.; Körner, C.; Lischke, H.; Maiorano, L.; Paulsen, J.; Pearman, P.B.; Psomas, A.; Treier, U.A.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Svenning, J., 2013: A greener Greenland? Climatic potential and long-term constraints on future expansions of trees and shrubs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, 1624: 20120479 (12 pp.). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0479
Manel, S.; Holderegger, R., 2013: Ten years of landscape genetics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28, 10: 614-621. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.012
Gugerli, F.; Brandl, R.; Castagneyrol, B.; Franc, A.; Jactel, H.; Koelewijn, H.; Martin, F.; Peter, M.; Pritsch, K.; Schröder, H.; Smulders, M.J.M.; Kremer, A.; Ziegenhagen, B.; Evoltree JERA3 contributors, 2013: Community genetics in the time of next-generation molecular technologies. Molecular Ecology, 22, 12: 3198-3207. doi: 10.1111/mec.12300
Bothwell, H.; Bisbing, S.; Therkildsen, N.O.; Crawford, L.; Alvarez, N.; Holderegger, R.; Manel, S., 2013: Identifying genetic signatures of selection in a non-model species, alpine gentian (Gentiana nivalis L.), using a landscape genetic approach. Conservation Genetics, 14, 2: 467-481. doi: 10.1007/s10592-012-0411-5
Zulliger, D.; Schnyder, E.; Gugerli, F., 2013: Are adaptive loci transferable across genomes of related species? Outlier and environmental association analyses in Alpine Brassicaceae species. Molecular Ecology, 22, 6: 1626-1639. doi: 10.1111/mec.12199
Buehler, D.; Poncet, B.N.; Holderegger, R.; Manel, S.; Taberlet, P.; Gugerli, F., 2013: An outlier locus relevant in habitat-mediated selection in an alpine plant across independent regional replicates. Evolutionary Ecology, 27, 2: 285-300. doi: 10.1007/s10682-012-9597-8
Steinbrecher, R.; Contran, N.; Gugerli, F.; Schnitzler, J.-P.; Zimmer, I.; Menard, T.; Günthardt-Goerg, M.S., 2013: Inter- and intra-specific variability in isoprene production and photosynthesis of Central European oak species. Plant Biology, 15, Suppl. 1: 148-156. doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00688.x
Rellstab, C.; Zoller, S.; Tedder, A.; Gugerli, F.; Fischer, M.C., 2013: Validation of SNP allele frequencies determined by pooled next-generation sequencing in natural populations of a non-model plant species. PLoS One, 8, 11: e80422 (10 pp.). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080422
Walzer, C.; Kowalczyk, C.; Alexander, J.M.; Baur, B.; Bogliani, G.; Brun, J.; Füreder, L.; Guth, M.; Haller, R.; Holderegger, R.; Kohler, Y.; Kueffer, C.; Righetti, A.; Spaar, R.; Sutherland, W.J.; Ullrich-Schneider, A.; Vanpeene-Bruhier, S.N.; Scheurer, T., 2013: The 50 most important questions relating to the maintenance and restoration of an ecological continuum in the European Alps. PLoS One, 8, 1: e53139 (11 pp.). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053139
Aavik, T.; Edwards, P.; Holderegger, R.; Billeter, R., 2012: The potential genetic consequences of seed mixtures. In: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (eds), 2012: ENHANCE. Enhancing ecosystem connectivity through intervention - benefits for nature and society? Final Report. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 17-26.
Salzer, K.; Gugerli, F., 2012: Reduced fitness at early life stages in peripheral versus core populations of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) is not reflected by levels of inbreeding in seed families. Alpine Botany, 122, 2: 75-85. doi: 10.1007/s00035-012-0106-z
Landergott, U.; Gugerli, F.; Hoebee, S.E.; Finkeldey, R.; Holderegger, R., 2012: Effects of seed mass on seedling height and competition in European white oaks. Flora, 207, 10: 721-725. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2012.09.001
Parisod, C.; Holderegger, R., 2012: Meeting review. Adaptive landscape genetics: pitfalls and benefits. Molecular Ecology, 21, 15: 3644-3646. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05675.x
Manel, S.; Gugerli, F.; Thuiller, W.; Alvarez, N.; Legendre, P.; Holderegger, R.; Gielly, L.; Taberlet, P.; IntraBioDiv Consortium, 2012: Broad-scale adaptive genetic variation in alpine plants is driven by temperature and precipitation. Molecular Ecology, 21, 15: 3729-3738. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05656.x
Jay, F.; Manel, S.; Alvarez, N.; Durand, E.Y.; Thuiller, W.; Holderegger, R.; Taberlet, P.; François, O., 2012: Forecasting changes in population genetic structure of alpine plants in response to global warming. Molecular Ecology, 21, 10: 2354-2368. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05541.x
Holderegger, R.; Thiel-Egenter, C.; Parisod, C., 2011: Marie Brockmann-Jerosch and her influence on Alpine phylogeography. Alpine Botany, 121, 1: 5-10. doi: 10.1007/s00035-010-0086-9
Kremer, A.; Vinceti, B.; Alia, R.; Burczyk, J.; Cavers, S.; Degen, B.; Finkeldey, R.; Fluch, S.; Gömöry, D.; Gugerli, F.; Koelewijn, H.P.; Koskela, J.; Lefèvre, F.; Morgante, M.; Mueller-Starck, G.; Plomion, C.; Taylor, G.; Turok, J.; Savolainen, O.; Ziegenhagen, B., 2011: Forest ecosystem genomics and adaptation: EVOLTREE conference report. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 7, 4: 869-875. doi: 10.1007/s11295-011-0378-2
Sieber, Y.; Holderegger, R.; Waser, N.M.; Thomas, V.F.D.; Braun, S.; Erhardt, A.; Reyer, H.; Wirth, L.R., 2011: Do alpine plants facilitate each other's pollination? Experiments at a small spatial scale. Acta Oecologica, 37, 4: 369-374. doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.04.005
Thiel-Egenter, C.; Alvarez, N.; Holderegger, R.; Tribsch, A.; Englisch, T.; Wohlgemuth, T.; Colli, L.; Gaudeul, M.; Gielly, L.; Jogan, N.; Linder, H.P.; Negrini, R.; Niklfeld, H.; Pellecchia, M.; Rioux, D.; Schönswetter, P.; Taberlet, P.; Van Loo, M.; Winkler, M.; ... Gugerli, F., 2011: Break zones in the distributions of alleles and species in alpine plants. Journal of Biogeography, 38, 4: 772-782. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02441.x
Tribsch, A.; Englisch, T.; Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Niklfeld, H.; Steinmann, K.; Thiel-Egenter, C.; Zimmermann, Niklaus.E.; Taberlet, P.; IntraBioDiv Consortium, 2010: Integrating data across biodiversity levels. the project IntraBioDiv. In: Spehn, E.M.; Körner, C. (eds), 2010: Data mining for global trends in mountain biodiversity. Boca Raton, CRC Press. 89-105. doi: 10.1201/9781420083705
Wirth, L.; Graf, R.; Gugerli, F.; Landergott, U.; Holderegger, R., 2010: Lower selfing rate at higher altitudes in the alpine plant Eritrichium nanum (Boraginaceae). American Journal of Botany, 97, 5: 899-901. doi: 10.3732/ajb.0900297
Poncet, B.N.; Herrmann, D.; Gugerli, F.; Taberlet, P.; Holderegger, R.; Gielly, L.; Rioux, D.; Thuiller, W.; Aubert, S.; Manel, S., 2010: Tracking genes of ecological relevance using a genome scan in two independent regional population samples of Arabis alpina. Molecular Ecology, 19, 14: 2896-2907. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04696.x
Parisod, C.; Holderegger, R.; Brochmann, C., 2010: Evolutionary consequences of autopolyploidy. New Phytologist, 186, 1: 5-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03142.x
Manel, S.; Joost, S.; Epperson, B.K.; Holderegger, R.; Storfer, A.; Rosenberg, M.S.; Scribner, K.T.; Bonin, A.; Fortin, M., 2010: Perspectives on the use of landscape genetics to detect genetic adaptive variation in the field. Molecular Ecology, 19, 17: 3760-3772. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04717.x
Storfer, A.; Murphy, M.a.; Spear, S.F.; Holderegger, R.; Waits, L.P., 2010: Landscape genetics: where are we now?. Molecular Ecology, 19, 17: 3496-3514. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04691.x
Manel, S.; Poncet, B.N.; Legendre, P.; Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R., 2010: Common factors drive adaptive genetic variation at different spatial sclaes in Arabis alpina. Molecular Ecology, 19, 17: 3824-3835. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04716.x
Holderegger, R.; Buehler, D.; Gugerli, F.; Manel, S., 2010: Landscape genetics of plants. Trends in Plant Science, 15, 12: 675-683. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.002
Scheidegger, C.; Bergamini, A.; Bürgi, M.; Holderegger, R.; Lachat, T.; Schnyder, N.; Senn-Irlet, B.; Wermelinger, B.; Bollmann, K., 2010: Waldwirtschaft. In: Lachat, T.; Pauli, D.; Gonseth, Y.; Klaus, G.; Scheidegger, C.; Vittoz, P.; Walter, T. (eds), 2010: Wandel der Biodiversität in der Schweiz seit 1900. Ist die Talsohle erreicht?. Zürich, Bristol-Stiftung; Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, Haupt. 124-160.
Wirth, L.; Holderegger, R., 2010: Une pour toutes, toutes pour une! Les plantes des Alpes s'entraident-elles?. Alpen, 46-47.
Wirth, L.; Holderegger, R., 2010: Gemeinsam statt einsam: Helfen sich Alpenpflanzen gegenseitig?. Alpen, 46-47.
Thiel-Egenter, C.; Holderegger, R.; Brodbeck, S.; IntraBioDiv Consortium; Gugerli, F., 2009: Concordant genetic breaks, identified by combining clustering and tessellation methods, in two co-distributed alpine plant species. Molecular Ecology, 18, 21: 4495-4507. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04360.x
Alvarez, N.; Thiel-Egenter, C.; Tribsch, A.; Holderegger, R.; Manel, S.; Schönswetter, P.; Taberlet, P.; Brodbeck, S.; Gaudeul, M.; Gielly, L.; Küpfer, P.; Mansion, G.; Negrini, R.; Paun, O.; Pellecchia, M.; Rioux, D.; Schüpfer, F.; Van Loo, M.; Winkler, M.; ... IntraBioDiv Consortium, 2009: History or ecology? Substrate types as a major driver of spatial genetic structure in Alpine plants. Ecology Letters, 12, 7: 632-640. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01312.x
Balkenhol, N.; Gugerli, F.; Cushman, S.A.; Waits, L.P.; Coulon, A.; Arntzen, J.W.; Holderegger, R.; Wagner, H.H., 2009: Identifying future research needs in landscape genetics: where to from here?. Landscape Ecology, 24: 455-463. doi: 10.1007/s10980-009-9334-z
Holderegger, R.; Thiel-Egenter, C., 2009: A discussion of different types of glacial refugia used in mountain biogeography and phylogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 3: 476-480. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02027.x
Thiel-Egenter, C.; Gugerli, F.; Alvarez, N.; Brodbeck, S.; Cieslak, E.; Colli, L.; Englisch, T.; Gaudeul, M.; Gielly, L.; Korbecka, G.; Negrini, R.; Paun, O.; Pellecchia, M.; Rioux, D.; Ronikier, M.; Schönswetter, P.; Schüpfer, F.; Taberlet, P.; Tribsch, A.; ... IntraBioDiv Consortium, 2009: Effects of species traits on the genetic diversity of high-mountain plants: a multi-species study across the Alps and the Carpathians. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18, 1: 78-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00421.x
Landergott, U.; Schneller, J.J.; Holderegger, R.; Thompson, J.D., 2009: Sex-ratio variation and spatial distribution of nuclear and cytoplasmic sex-determining genes in gynodioecious Thymus praecox across altitudinal gradients. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 11: 23-42.
Gugerli, F.; Brodbeck, S.; Holderegger, R., 2008: Utility of multilocus genotypes for taxon assignment in stands of closely related European white oaks from Switzerland. Annals of Botany, 102, 5: 855-863. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn164
Holderegger, R.; Herrmann, D.; Poncet, B.; Gugerli, F.; Thuiller, W.; Taberlet, P.; Gielly, L.; Rioux, D.; Brodbeck, S.; Aubert, S.; Manel, S., 2008: Land ahead: using genome scans to identify molecular markers of adaptive relevance. Plant Ecology and Diversity, 1, 2: 273-283. doi: 10.1080/17550870802338420
Gugerli, F.; Englisch, T.; Niklfeld, H.; Tribsch, A.; Mirek, Z.; Ronikier, M.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Holderegger, R.; Taberlet, P.; IntraBioDiv Consortium, 2008: Relationships among levels of biodiversity and the relevance of intraspecific diversity in conservation - a project synopsis. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 10, 4: 259-281. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2008.07.001
Holderegger, R., 2008: Book Review: Crawford, R.M.M. 2008: Plants at the Margin. Ecological Limits and Climate Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Botanica Helvetica, 118: 190-191.
Gugerli, F.; Walser, J.-C.; Dounavi, K.; Holderegger, R.; Finkeldey, R., 2007: Coincidence of small-scale spatial discontinuities in leaf morphology and nuclear microsatellite variation of Quercus petraea and Q. robur in a mixed forest. Annals of Botany, 99, 4: 713-722. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm006
Holderegger, R.; Wagner, H.H., 2006: A brief guide to landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology, 21, 6: 793-796. doi: 10.1007/s10980-005-6058-6
Holderegger, R.; Kamm, U.; Gugerli, F., 2006: Adaptive vs. neutral genetic diversity: implications for landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology, 21, 6: 797-807. doi: 10.1007/s10980-005-5245-9
Schönswetter, P.; Stehlik, I.; Holderegger, R.; Tribsch, A., 2005: Molecular evidence for glacial refugia of mountain plants in the European Alps. Molecular Ecology, 14, 11: 3547-3555. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02683.x
Gugerli, F.; Parducci, L.; Petit, R.J., 2005: Ancient plant DNA: review and prospects. New Phytologist, 166, 2: 409-418. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01360.x
Bernhard, S.; Holderegger, R., 2004: Genetische Vielfalt - Lebensversicherung des Waldes. Hotspot, 14-15.
Holderegger, R.; Abbott, R.J., 2003: Phylogeography of the Arctic‐Alpine Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae) and some related taxa based on cpDNA and ITS sequence variation. American Journal of Botany, 90, 6: 931-936. doi: 10.3732/ajb.90.6.931
Holderegger, R., 2002: De Nettancourt, D.: Incompatibility and incongruity in wild and cultivated plants. [book review]. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 232: 263-266. doi: 10.1007/s006060200048
Stehlik, I.; Blattner, F.R.; Holderegger, R.; Bachmann, K., 2002: Nunatak survival of the high Alpine plant Eritrichium nanum (L.) Gaudin in the central Alps during the ice ages. Molecular Ecology, 11, 10: 2027-2036. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01595.x
Holderegger, R.; Stehlik, I.; Abbott, J., 2002: Molecular analysis of the Pleistocene history of Saxifraga oppositifolia in the Alps. Molecular Ecology, 11, 8: 1409-1418. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01548.x
Gugerli, F.; Bauert, M.R., 2001: Growth and reproduction of Polygonum viviparum show weak responses to experimentally increased temperature at a Swiss Alpine site. Botanica Helvetica, 111, 2: 169-180. doi: 10.5169/seals-73907
Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R., 2001: Nunatak survival, tabula rasa and the influence of the Pleistocene ice-ages on plant evolution in mountain areas. Trends in Plant Science, 6, 9: 397-398. doi: 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02053-2
Schneller, J.; Holderegger, R.; Gugerli, F.; Eichenberger, K.; Lutz, E., 1998: Patterns of genetic variation detected by RAPDs suggest a single origin with subsequent mutations and long‐distance dispersal in the apomictic fern Dryopteris remota (Dryopteridaceae) . American Journal of Botany, 85, 7: 1038-1042. doi: 10.2307/2446372
Gugerli, F., 1998: Effect of elevation on sexual reproduction in alpine populations of Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae). Oecologia, 114, 1: 60-66. doi: 10.1007/s004420050420
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